IpPC is a contract to prevent the introduction and spread of pests to plants and plant products and currently has 177 government recipients. IPPC has developed plant health guidelines and serves as a reporting centre and source of information. Seven regional plant protection organizations have been established under the aegis of ipPC. For example, the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) consists of the United States, Canada and Mexico, which participate through APHIS, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the Plant Health Directorate. The European and Mediterranean Organization for the Protection of Plants (EPPO) is an intergovernmental organisation that is also responsible, within the framework of the IPPC, for plant health cooperation between 50 countries in the European and Mediterranean region. Executive agreements are often used to circumvent the requirements of national constitutions for treaty ratification. Many nations that are republics with written constitutions have constitutional rules on treaty ratification. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe is based on executive agreements. The U.S. Supreme Court Pink (1942) found that international agreements, which were concluded in law, have the same legal status as treaties and do not require Senate approval.
To Reid v. Concealed (1957), the Tribunal, while reaffirming the President`s ability to enter into executive agreements, found that such agreements could not be contrary to existing federal law or the Constitution. Under international law, a treaty is a legally binding agreement between states (countries). A treaty can be called a convention, protocol, pact, agreement, etc. It is the content of the agreement, not its name, that makes it a treaty. Thus, the Geneva Protocol and the Biological Weapons Convention are the two treaties, although neither treaty in its name. Under U.S. law, a treaty is a legally binding agreement between countries that requires ratification and “consultation and approval” of the Senate.
All other agreements (internationally treated) are called executive agreements, but are nevertheless legally binding on the United States under international law. Since its launch by G8 heads of state and government at the G8 summit in June 2002, the Global Partnership has initiated cooperation projects in areas such as the destruction of chemical weapons in non-proliferation, disarmament, counter-terrorism and nuclear security; the dismantling of disused nuclear submarines; safety and disposal of fissile material and the diversion of the use of former weapons scientists for peaceful civilian efforts. A treaty is an international agreement established in writing and by international law between two or more sovereign states, whether inscribed in a single instrument or in two or more related acts. Treaties have many names: conventions, agreements, pacts, pacts, charters and statutes, among others. The choice of name has no legal value. Contracts can generally be categorized into one of two main categories: bilateral (between two countries) and multilateral (between three or more countries). In the summer of 1787, delegates to the Constitutional Convention debated the structure and responsibilities of a new legislative body. One of the questions they asked was whether the power of contracting lies within the legislative or executive department? Depending on the statutes of the federal government, a contract could be concluded with the agreement of nine of the thirteen states or two-thirds.
Some delegates, such as Charles Pinckney of South Carolina, insisted that the Senate, where each state is represented on an equal footing, should have exclusive power to enter into contracts. Alexander Hamilton argued that the executive should exercise powers over external relations and should therefore have the power to enter into contracts “with the Council and the approval of the Senate.” In the end, Hamilton`s argument proved persuasive.